МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ
НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ ФІЗИЧНОГО ВИХОВАННЯ І СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ

ATHLETICS AND DIETOLOGY: 
NUTRITION FOR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE

МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ 
З ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ОРІЄНТОВАНОЇ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

Київ - 2024
УДК 371.384:613.2:796.019/.024

Автори: Доценко Л.З., Хоружева Л.Є., Юнак В.Г.

Рецензенти: 
Шестопалова І.О., кандидат педагогічних  наук, 
доцент кафедри іноземних мов ФМВ НАУ
Алексєєнко О.П.,  кандидат філологічних наук, 
старший викладач кафедри української та іноземних мов Національного університету фізичного виховання і спорту України

Рекомендовано до друку Вченою радою ФЗН 
протокол №  6 від 28 лютого 2024 р. 

Методичні вказівки містять навчальні матеріали, тексти, лексичні та комунікативні вправи аутентичного походження з дисципліни «Спортивна дієтологія», що призначені для здобувачів другого (магістерського) рівня вищої освіти заочної форми навчання за спеціальністю 091 Біологія (спеціалізацієя «Спортивна дієтологія»).
Метою даного видання є формування у студентів, які опанували підґрунтя нормативної граматики та мають запас загальновживаної лексики певних мовних комунікативних компетенцій, що дозволять їм здійснювати практичну професійну діяльність в іншомовному академічному і робочому середовищі. Матеріали підібрані відповідно до специфічних умінь, необхідних у даній професійній сфері, що дадуть змогу адаптувати поточну практичну діяльність до особливостей іншомовного спілкування.

Athletics and Dietology: Nutrition For Optimal Performance / Л.З. Доценко, Л.Є. Хоружева, В.Г. Юнак - К.: НУФВСУ, 2024. - 67 с. 
ISBN 978-966-8266-86-5 
© НУФВСУ, 2024 © 
© Доценко Л.З., Хоружева Л.Є., Юнак В.Г. 2024

ПЕРЕДМОВА

Методичні вказівки містять теоретичні матеріали та практичні завдання з основних тем професійного спрямування для формування розвитку знань, умінь і навичок з лексики та говоріння в обсязі освітньо-професійної програми «Фізіологія рухової активності» для здобувачів другого (магістерського) рівня вищої освіти заочної форми навчання за спеціальністю 091 Біологія  (спеціалізація «Спортивна дієтологія»), які опанували підґрунтя нормативної граматики та мають запас загальновживаної лексики у межах 2000-2500 лексичних одиниць. Матеріали підібрані відповідно до специфічних умінь, необхідних у даній професійній сфері в умовах англомовного спілкування.
Зміст видання спрямований на формування професійної комунікативної компетенції, розвиток якої відбувається відповідно до предметних знань студентів, і здійснюється в межах ситуативного контексту, пов'язаного зі спеціалізацією.
Видання складається з 8 розділів та глосарію  і є варіантом вивчення іноземної мови на текстовому підґрунті оригінальної спеціальної літератури, а саме: Sleamaker Rob, Browning Ray. Serious training for endurance athletes / Sleamaker R. Human Kinetics. USA, 2016; Wilmore J. H. Physiology of Sport and Exercise / Dr. Jack H. Wilmore; Dr. David Costill, W. Larry Kenney. Fourth Edition. – Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 2017; Meeks L. Health: A Wellness Approach / L. Meeks, P. Heit. - Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 2019; Bouchard C. Physical Activity and Health / C.  Bouchard, S.N. Blair, W.L. Haskell // Human Kinetics. – USA, 2020 яке передбачає роботу не лише над лінгвістичними аспектами, але і сприяє зростанню професіоналізму майбутнього фахівця.
Метою методичних рекомендацій є формування навичок розуміння текстового матеріалу, розширення словникового запасу за рахунок професійної термінології та удосконалення граматичного підґрунтя.
Зміст видання спрямований на розвиток навичок усного мовлення із застосуванням активних та інтенсивних методів навчання на матеріалах діалогів, монологів, усних тем, що виносяться на екзамени, аудіювання, а також спеціальних завдань для групових дискусій з використанням спеціальної термінології, ситуативних та практичних завдань для роботи як індивідуально, так і у групі. Наявність комплексу контрольних завдань дає можливість оцінити ступінь засвоєння матеріалу.
Запропонований метод професійно-зорієнтованого навчання англійській мові на післядипломному рівні надає сприятливої можливості робити свій внесок у підготовку фахівців відповідно до наявних стандартів.

Перелік завдань
з англійської мови для студентів, які здобувають вищу освіту освітнього ступенів магістр заочної форми навчання,
 спеціалізація «Спортивна дієтологія»

СЕМЕСТР I (Залік)

І. 	Прочитайте спеціальні тексти і зробіть письмовий переклад.
1.	Nutrition for optimal performance		
2.	Overview of the energy nutrients		
3.	How much of your diet needs to be carbohydrates?		
4.	Carbohydrates: the predominant energy nutrients		

ІІ. 	Виконайте лексико-граматичні вправи в письмовій формі.
Ex. 1.1-1.3 ex. 2.1-2.8; ex. 3.1-3.3; ex. 4.1-4.9 

ІІІ.		Прочитайте і письмово переведіть статті з англомовної періодики.
5.	The house where monsters live.
6.	When times are lean, Ukrainians adapt much better than pampered 
Americans.
7.	As demand exceeds supply on job market, salaries rise.
8.	Hot jobs offered by foreign companies.

IV.	Напишіть есе про свою майбутню професію і переведіть його на англійську мову.

СЕМЕСТР II. ІСПИТ

І. 	Прочитайте спеціальні тексти і зробіть письмовий переклад.
1. 	Protein: enough is enough
2.	Overview of the energy nutrients
3.	The fluid factor
4.	Carbohydrates: the predominant energy nutrients

ІІ. 	Виконайте лексико-граматичні вправи в письмовій формі.
Ex. 5.1-5.3 ex. 6.1-6.8; ex. 7.1-7.3; ex. 8.1-8.9

III.	Прочитайте і письмово переведіть статті з англомовної періодики.

5.	U.S. women don’t enjoy their femininity enough
6.	How to talk about pay
7.	Will you be fired soon?
8.	Where obesity is bigger and better

Semester I
Text I.

NUTRITION FOR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE

In endurance sports the major limiting factor from a nutritional perspective is chronically inadequate carbohydrate intake. Gollnick (1985) determined that carbo-hydrates (CHO) provide the primary fuel during intense muscular endurance activity.
Therefore, high CHO consumption by endurance athletes on a daily basis is recommended and is the focus of this chapter. Systematic training provides us with an overall perspective regarding energy expenditure and the respective energy requirements for different types, durations, and intensities of daily exercise. The following topics should be considered here:
• Overview of the energy nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
• Benefits of the high-carbohydrate diet
• The carbo factor: how to get the right stuff(ing)
• Pre- and post-race diets
• The fluid factor: water, the essential nutrient.

1.1.	Read the text “Nutrition for Optimal Performance” and translate it in writing.

1.2.	Answer the questions to the text.  

1.	What is the major limiting factor from a nutritional perspective in endurance sports? 2. What provides the primary fuel during intense muscular endurance activity?  3. What kind of CHO consumption by endurance athletes on a daily basis is recommended? 4. Name the energy nutrients. 5. Does systematic training provide the athletes with an overall perspective regarding energy expenditure?

1.3.	Find the English equivalents in the text for the following.

Лімітуючий фактор; тривалість; енергетичні поживні речовини; вимоги до енергії; фактор рідини; слід враховувати; незамінна поживна речовина; витривалість; харчування; вуглеводи; витрата енергії; білки; жири; переваги; споживання; щоденні фізичні вправи; тому; визначати; спорт на витривалість; правильний матеріал; загальна перспектива; споживання; інтенсивний

1.4.	Match the questions and answers from both columns.

GENERAL HEALTH MAINTENANCE

1	What kind of diet could be considered healthful and nutritious one?	A	The concomitant reduction in consumption of high-fat animal products is helpful in maintaining a healthy percentage of body fat and in reducing blood cholesterol levels.	
2	In what form will the athlete consume carbohydrates?	B	Dairy products made with skim milk, lean cuts of meat, white meat poultry and fish, and reduced intake of animal products in general will help you focus on getting enough of the primary fuel source - CHO.	
3	What else can be helpful for general health maintenance?	C	Yes, you are. They provide a wealth of CHO for replenishing muscle and liver glycogen.	
4	On what foods should I focus here?	D	In most cases an optimal-performance diet high in CHO will also be a healthful, nutritious one.	
5	I guess these foods, especially whole grains, are excellent sources of such other essential nutrients as protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and essential fats. Am I right?	E	Absolutely. These steps will help you eliminate poor nutrition as a cause of poor performance. They will supply your body with "the right stuff (ing) " - enough carbohydrates for fuel, adequate protein for cell structure, a proper balance of vitamins and minerals for optimal cell function, and enough water and other fluids for all bodily functions.	
6	Are you sure it will be enough?	F	The athlete following a performance-enhancing, high-CHO diet will likely consume copious quantities of complex carbohydrates in the form of whole grains, whole grain breads, and fresh fruits and vegetables.	
7	I agree. Good nutrition is another tool to help you attain personal bests - in athletics as well as health.	G		

1.5.	Translate the following into English.

У спорті головним фактором, що лімітує, з точки зору перспектив харчування є хронічно неадекватне споживання вуглеводів. Встановлено, що вуглеводи є основними постачальниками енергії під час інтенсивної м'язової фізичної діяльності. Таким чином спортсменам рекомендується високе споживання вуглеводів. Систематичний підхід до тренувального процесу дає можливість створити загальну перспективу можливих енергетичних витрат і відповідно врахувати енергетичні потреби для фізичної діяльності різних типів, тривалості та інтенсивності щодня. Під час їжі слід знати пропорційне співвідношення вуглеводів, білків і жирів, які в ній містяться. Кожен має вміти складати раціон перед змаганням та після них. Слід враховувати фактор рідини.

1.6.	Listen to the information in the video and give its main ideas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFwRvjx6KkQ

Text II.	OVERVIEW OF THE ENERGY NUTRIENTS

Food is fuel for your high-performance engine - your body. That's how I like to look at sports nutrition. The analogy works because the best fuel for sport performance also seems to be the best for health maintenance and disease prevention. It's essential that you learn about the foods that will supply you with the right fuel.
High-performance nutrition involves a definitive combination of carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, and water. The mixture should be approximately the same for most endurance athletes. However, it is helpful to understand the definition and function of each of these nutrients as they relate to optimal performance and good health.
Wholesome foods are essential to successful training.

2.1.	Read the text “Overview of the Energy Nutrients” and translate it in writing.

2.2.	Find the English equivalents in the text for the following.

Горюче/топливо, високоефективний, мотор, харчування, підтримання здоров'я, жир, профілактика хвороб, важливий, продукти харчування, включити, певне поєднання, вуглеводи, білки, суміш/поєднання/підбір, однаковий, однак, потрібний, визначення, поживна речовина, стосуватися, оптимальна результативність.

2.3.	Answer the questions.

1.	What is fuel for your body? 2. Is fuel the same both for sport performance and for health maintenance or disease prevention? 3. It isn’t essential to learn about the foods that will supply us with the right fuel, is it? 4. Combinations of what nutrients does high-performance nutrition involve? 5. Why is it helpful to understand better the definition and function of each of the nutrients?
2.4.	Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

can result in; consumer; diet; glycogen stores; fat and protein

1. Unfortunately, the typical American … contains less than 50% carbohydrates. 2. Powerful economic and social influences have conditioned the American … to purchase large amounts of meat and dairy products, both of which are high in … … … while relatively low in carbohydrates. 3. Athletes subject to such eating habits often fail to adequately replenish … … on a day-to-day basis. 4. Chronic glycogen depletion (even several consecutive days' worth) … … … overtraining, injuries, and subpar performances.

2.5. Insert article where it is necessary.

1. … recent experience illustrates this point well. … elite runner came to see me for advice regarding his apparently downward-spiraling performances.  2. He described … chronic fatigue and lethargy during training and in recovery.  3. His last four races had been terrible, and in one 15K race, he began to black out as he ran … last few kilometers. 4. Otherwise, mentally he was still sharp, with work productivity and … family life going well.  5. Yet he couldn't figure out … reason for his pitiful performances.

2.6.	Match the appropriate parts of the sentences.

1.	According to Holloszy and Booth the body will burn carbohydrates as	A	the muscle cells.	
2.	It is the fuel most readily available to	B	a limited amount of carbohydrates in the body.	
3.	The only problem is that we can store only	C	the major source of energy during intense (over 65% VO2max) endurance exercise.	
4.	The only problem is that we can store only	D	about 1/550 kilocalories.	
5.	Scientists estimate that the average 150-pound, well-trained, male endurance athlete can store	E	some 1/800 kilocalories as glycogen and glucose.	

2.7.	Use the verb in brackets in a proper Tense and Voice For. 

BENEFITS OF THE HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE DIET
1.	There (to be) several reasons for recommending a high-carbohydrate diet. 2. First, it (to provide) the body with the most available energy for training and competition. 3. Next, a high-CHO diet (may, to speed up) the recovery process. 4. Finally, it (to seem) that a high-CHO diet (can, to promote) good health. 5. It (to estimate) that during long-duration exercise sessions, your body (to become) depleted of its glycogen stores after about 2 hours. 6. Daily maintenance of this glycogen (to accomplish) by consuming a diet high in CHO. 7. Bergstrom, Hermansen, Hultman, and Saltin (1967) (to find) that endurance (time to exhaustion) significantly (to improve) when a high-CHO diet (to consume).

2.8.	Translate the following into English.

ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ
Відновлення – це не просто відпочинок. Це, швидше за все, стосується регенерації фізіологічних процесів у м'язах, які зазнали фізичного стресу під час спеціального тренування. Тренування з річним циклом будь-яких обсягів, особливо ті, чий обсяг перевищує 350 годин, приведуть до кращих результатів, якщо вживають відповідних заходів для відновлення. Дієта є невід'ємною частиною плану відновлення. Було встановлено, що неможливість щоденного поповнення глікогену призводить до виснаження та втоми. Для адекватного поповнення витрачених запасів глікогену у тканинах м'язів та печінки рекомендується підтримувати щоденний прийом вуглеводів.

Text III. 

HOW MUCH OF YOUR DIET NEEDS TO BE CARBOHYDRATES

How much of your diet needs to be carbohydrates? Most sport nutrition research indicates that at least 55% to 65% of the diet should consist of carbohydrates (primarily complex). This applies to everyone, athletes and nonathletes alike. Endurance athletes may need to get more than 70% of their energy from carbohydrates, depending upon how much time is spent training and the intensity of that training.
A recent experience illustrates this point well. An elite runner came to see me for advice regarding his apparently downward-spiraling performances. He described chronic fatigue and lethargy during training and in recovery. His last four races had been terrible, and in one 15K race, he began to black out as he ran the last few kilometers. Otherwise, mentally he was still sharp, with work productivity and family life going well. Yet he couldn't figure out the reason for his pitiful performances.
I started asking questions. I immediately ruled out hypohydration because he was doing well with fluid replacement. Then I looked at his training log. Two weeks before racing season, he had been sick with the flu. When he recovered, he jumped right back into his high-intensity training stage in order to peak for the first big races. Speed work. Intervals, and Pace work made up the bulk of his training—all of these burn carbohydrates.
Beginning to piece the puzzle together, I analyzed his diet by having him keep accurate records of everything he consumed for a week. The analysis depicted that which I had suspected all along—chronic glycogen depletion due to inadequate replenishment. He was consuming a diet that was 40% carbohydrate, 17% protein, and a whopping 43% fat. As soon as he had resumed training after his illness, he dove headlong into this chronic state. No wonder he was bonking in races!
I quickly gave him a crash course in sport nutrition and provided him with a diet plan that included 70% carbohydrates. We worked hard to improve his nutritional awareness and his skills for identifying foods that would give him the right amount of carbohydrates and eliminate the high-fat foods from his diet. Within a few weeks, he was back to racing and training at his potential.
Ellsworth, Hewitt, and Haskell (1985) identified similar circumstances in elite cross-country skiers. The point is that many athletes may believe they are consuming adequate amounts of carbohydrates, whereas analyses of their intake would reveal otherwise.

3.1.	Read the text “How Much of Your Diets Needs To Be Carbohydrates”. Do its translation in written form

3.2.	Answer the questions.
1.	How much of carbohydrates should the diet consist of? 2. Who does this apply to? 3. From where may endurance athletes get more than 70% of their energy? 4. For what piece of advice did the elite athlete come to the author? 5. What did he complain for? 6. What did the analysis of his diet depict? 7. What kind of treatment did the author give the athlete? 8. How fast was the athlete back to racing and training at his potential? 9. What is the key to solve such type of problem? 

3.3. Find the English equivalents in the text for the following.

Аналогічні обставини; покращувати; поінформованість про харчування; журнал тренувань; дієтичні потреби; елітний бігун; негайно; прискорений курс спортивного харчування; прийом; показувати; продукти із високим вмістом жиру; виснаження; продовжити; неадекватний; заміна рідини; мабуть; низька результативність виступів; гіпогідратація; вести точний облік; ліквідувати; адекватні суми; впадати у хронічний депресивний стан; зібрати пазл докупи; як тільки; зобразити; виключати; очевидне погіршення результатів.
3.4.	Open the brackets and use the verbs in a and Voice form.

1.	The key to deciphering all of this information (to be) knowledge of the energy contribution (in kilocalories) per gram of protein, CHO, and fat. 2. One gram of protein (to contribute) 4 kilocalories, 1 gram of CHO 4 kilocalories, and 1 gram of fat a whopping 9 kilocalories see. 3. Thus, fat (to contribute) 21/4 times the energy of the same weight of either protein or CHO. For example, a tablespoon of butter, which (to be) 100% fat, (to provide) about 100 kilocalories, the same number of kilocalories as a medium-sized apple, which (to be) 100% CHO.

3.5. Supply the gaps with prepositions if it is necessary.

1.	Therefore, to determine the relative percentages … protein, CHO, and fat … a food item, simply multiply the number … grams … the nutrient … the kilocalorie contribution per gram and divide this result into the total kilocalories per serving. 2. … example, one rice cake, which has 66 kilocalories total energy, is 1.4 grams protein, 14 grams CHO, and 0.5 grams fat. 3. Total kilocalories … protein are 5.6 (1.4 x 4 kcals/gram). 4. This means the rice cake's calories are 8.4% protein (5.6 - 66 total calories per serving). 5. Total kilocalories … CHO are 56 (14 X 4 kcals/gram), or 85% … the rice cake's calorie content. 6. Total kilocalories … fat are 4.5 (0.5 X 9 kcals/gram), or 6.8% … the caloric content.

3.6. Ask questions to the underlined words.

1.	Using this approach while shopping will help you determine which foods are high-fat and which foods are not. 2. It's a good idea to use a nutrition almanac to help with foods, such as meats and cheeses, that do not print nutritional information on the labels. 3. The Table above identifies various healthy foods, their kilocalories per serving, and the grams and percentages of protein, CHO, and fat for comparison to less healthy choices.

3.7.	Translate the following into English.

ВУГЛЕВОДИ ПЕРЕД ВПРАВАМИ
Немає необхідності використовувати радикальну техніку «вуглеводного навантаження», коли ви виснажуєте свої запаси глікогену за допомогою виснажливих фізичних вправ та дієти з нізькім вмістом вуглеводів (low-CHO diets) протягом 3 днів, а потім легких вправ та дієти з дуже високим вмістом вуглеводів (very high-CHO diet) протягом 5 днів перед змаганнями. Шерман, Костілл, Фінк і Міллер (1981) продемонстрували, що ця практика непотрібна і потенційно руйнівна, і що оптимальне зберігання глікогену досягається щоденним вживанням дієти з високим вмістом вуглеводів. Таким чином, постійна дієта з високим вмістом вуглеводів є правилом, якщо ви хочете підтримувати та повністю поповнювати запаси глікогену.

Text IV.

CARBOHYDRATES: THE PREDOMINANT ENERGY NUTRIENT

Carbohydrates and fats are the predominant fuel nutrients. The body prefers to use these first as energy sources. Carbohydrates are found in a number of foods including table sugar, whole grains, starches, vegetables, and fruits. Once digested, these foods are used for energy in basically the same way. Processed carbohydrates are found mobile in the bloodstream as glucose or are stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen. Excess supply is converted to free fatty acids and stored as adipose tissue (body fat).
Dietary fat (found in meats, dairy products, poultry, fish, oils, and nuts) is also an important energy source. It is used as fuel in combination with carbohydrates. Fat is stored in the body as adipose tissue when excess fat, carbohydrates, or protein is ingested. This stored fat is the body's largest energy reservoir, although not necessarily its most efficiently utilized source.
This energy reserve translates into about 90 to 180 minutes of continuous exercise, depending on the athlete's efficiency, intensity, and environmental considerations. Heavy training and competition will deplete these glycogen stores in about 2 hours. You may be familiar with the marathoner's dilemma of "hitting the wall." This describes the condition of depleting the body's glycogen stores during training or races. The condition is characterized by feelings of severe fatigue, dizziness, local muscle pains, and abnormally elevated heart rate. The body is able to continue exercise, but at a much-reduced intensity or rate because now the body's fat stores must almost single-handedly meet the energy requirements. Burning fat alone is a very inefficient way to fuel exercise. The best way to prevent this situation is to raise the pre-exercise muscle glycogen content to the highest possible levels.
It is important to remember the fact that your glycogen storage capacity can be increased through proper training and diet. If you train so as to deplete the glycogen in the tissue and then eat a proper carbohydrate-fat-protein mix, the muscle cells will gain the capability to store slightly more glycogen than they did before. Of course, there are limits to this glycogen storage—usually about 1,800 to 2,000 kilocalories for highly trained endurance athletes. However, systematic training can, by stimulating your body to adapt to increasing demands, improve glycogen storage capacity (assuming that CHO is made available in the diet). This is a gradual, long-term process; you can't just load up on carbohydrates and go out and expect to do well in a triathlon.

4.1.	Read the text “Carbohydrates: The Predominant Energy Nutrient”. Translate it in writing.

4.2.	Find in the text the English equivalents for the following.
Переважний, поживна речовина, віддавати перевагу, джерела енергії, вуглеводи, зернові великого помелу, крохмалі, перетравлюватися, в основному однаково, перероблені вуглеводи, кровотік, глюкоза, накопичувати/зберігати, печінка, глікоген, надлишки, перетворюватися, жирні кислоти, дієтичний жир, молочні продукти, свійський птах, рослинна олія, горіхи, у поєднанні з, білок, засвоюватися, сховище/запас, хоча, необов'язково, ефективно використовується джерело, умови довкілля, інтенсивні тренування та змагання, виснажувати/вичерпувати, знайомий, описувати, стан, значно скорочена інтенсивність, запаморочення, запаморочення, болі, анормально підвищена ЧСС, без сторонньої допомоги, задовольняти потреби в енергії, спалювання одного жиру, малоефективний, постачати паливо, піднімати, вміст, можливий, пам'ятати, ємність/здатність, за допомогою, суміш/поєднання, клітина, отримати здатність, трохи більше ніж раніше, однак, підвищення вимог, допускаючи/припускаючи, доступний, поступовий, довготривалий, завантажити, очікувати.

4.3.	Answer the questions to the text.

1. What are the predominant fuel nutrients? 2. Where can carbohydrates be found? 3. What organic matter are CHO converted into after being digested? 4. What else is used as fuel? 5. How fast will heavy training/competition deplete the glycogen? 6. What are the symptoms of glycogen content lack? 7. How can the glycogen storage capacity be increased? 8. How does systematic training influence the CHO storage capacity in an athlete body? 9. Is it a gradual and long or quick process?

4.4. Insert the articles where it is necessary.

1. It has been well established that CHO is … best fuel to use to replenish … glycogen lost during training.  2. … daily diet must be at least 65% CHO (70-80% during heavy training periods), or there exists … possibility of gradual depletion of muscle and liver glycogen.  3. Side effects of this include … chronic fatigue, irritability, injury, and in completion of planned workouts.

4.5.	Fill in the blanks with preposition where it is necessary.

1. Because most athletes are chronically failing to replenish depleted CHO, the most positive approach to getting enough CHO is to focus … grams of CHO per day. 2. Therefore, it is necessary to become better educated regarding the foods that will give you the most bang … your buck. 3. It's simply a matter … learning which foods to select and how to determine the amount … CHO, protein, and fat in the foods you commonly eat. 4. Most prepackaged grocery store food items have nutritional information … the package. 5. This can be extremely useful, even though it requires a little bit … translation … your part. 6. Typically, the nutritional information … the package will provide the following information (see the Table below).

DAILY CARBOHYDRATE REQUIREMENTS OF ENDURANCE ATHLETES
	
	Training volumes and intensity
	
	Low
(3-6 hr/wk)	Moderate
(6-8 hr/wk)	High
(8-10 hr/wk)	Very high
(0ver 10 hr/wk)
	
	Grams of carbohydrate needed per day	

Athlete’s weight (lb)	
2.5 g/lb	
2.8 g/lb	
3.3 g/lb	
1.8	g/lb
1.9		
100	250	280	330	380	
110	275	308	363	418	
120	300	336	396	456	
130	325	364	429	494	
140	350	392	464	532	
150	375	420	495	570	
160	400	448	528	608	
170	425	476	561	646	
180	450	504	594	684	
190	475	532	627	722	
200
	500	560	660	760	

Note:
These values are based on estimates of actual energy expenditure. Variation will depend on the athlete's efficiency of movement and the type of activity employed in training.

The key to deciphering all of this information is knowledge of the energy contribution (in kilocalories) per gram of protein, CHO, and fat. One gram of protein contributes 4 kilocalories, 1 gram of CHO 4 kilocalories, and 1 gram of fat a whopping 9 kilocalories see. Thus, fat contributes 21/4 times the energy of the same weight of either protein or CHO. For example, a tablespoon of butter, which is 100% fat, provides about 100 kilocalories, the same number of kilocalories as a medium-sized apple, which is 100% CHO.
Therefore, to determine the relative percentages of protein, CHO, and fat in a food item, simply multiply the number of grams of the nutrient by the kilocalorie contribution per gram and divide this result into the total kilocalories per serving. For example, one rice cake, which has 66 kilocalories total energy, is 1.4 grams protein, 14 grams CHO, and 0.5 grams fat. Total kilocalories of protein are 5.6 (1.4 x 4 kcals/gram). This means the rice cake's calories are 8.4% protein (5.6 - 66 total calories per serving). Total kilocalories of CHO are 56 (14 X 4 kcals/gram), or 85% of the rice cake's calorie content. Total kilocalories of fat are 4.5 (0.5 X 9 kcals/gram), or 6.8% of the caloric content.
Using this approach while shopping will help you determine which foods are high-fat and which foods are not. It's a good idea to use a nutrition almanac to help with foods, such as meats and cheeses, that do not print nutritional information on the labels. The Table above identifies various healthy foods, their kilocalories per serving, and the grams and percentages of protein, CHO, and fat for comparison to less healthy choices.

4.6.	Ask questions to the underlined words and phrases.

1. One approach I use when giving a lecture on nutrition or working with a group of athletes is what I call the grocery bag technique. 2. I load two grocery bags with food items that have nutritional information on the packages. 3. Then I divide the group into two teams, each receiving a grocery bag. 4. One team gets the "low-fat" bag, and the other group gets the "typical American diet" bag. 5. The teams are instructed to calculate the percentages of protein, CHO, and fat of each food item in the bag. 6. Then they average the percentages of these nutrients for all items, giving the relative percentages of protein, CHO, and fat calories they would get if they ate one serving of each item from their grocery bag that day. 7. The results are usually humorous, and everyone learns a lot about the nutrient content of the foods they eat and how they might substitute food items that are more nutritionally sound, such as using zero-fat yogurt instead of regular yogurt, which can be as high as 40% fat.

4.7.	Open the brackets and put the verbs into proper tense form.

1. In addition to paying attention to intake percentages, another way (to exist) to obtain enough CHO in your diet.  2. This method (to involve) determining your daily needs in terms of grams of CHO per pound of body weight relative to varying activity levels.  3. Blom, Vaage, and Kardel (1980), after looking at glycogen replenishment rates following exhaustive training, (to suggest) that endurance athletes training at high intensity need to consume between 3.8 and 5.4 grams of CHO per pound of body weight per day in order to maximize glycogen replenishment.  4. This (to be) the case of athletes who (to be) expending between 3,500 and 5,000 kilocalories per day.  5. Athletes training at lower volumes and intensities (to require) less CHO per day, usually ranging between 2.5 to 3.8 grams of CHO per pound of body weight.  6. This table (to outline) CHO needs for athletes of various weights and activity levels.

4.8.	Translate the following into English.

Яка кількість вуглеводів потрібна для вашого раціону харчування? Більшість досліджень зі спортивного харчування вказують на те, що принаймні 55%-65% раціону повинні припадати на вуглеводи (головним чином, на складні). Це стосується як спортсменів, так і тих, хто спортом не займається. У видах спорту на витривалість потреба спортсменів у вуглеводах перевищує 70% і залежить від тривалості та інтенсивності тренування.

4.9.	Act out the conversation.

-	I wonder what is the way to estimate the daily carbohydrate requirements of endurance athlete?
-	You should know the energy contribution in kilocalories per gram of protein, CHO, and fat.
-	Really? How is it?
-	Yes, one gram of protein contributes 4 kilocalories, 1 gram of CHO 4 kilocalories, and 1 gram of fat a whopping 9 kilocalories.
-	I am all ears.
-	Thus, fat contributes 2 ¼ times the energy of the same weight of either protein or CHO. For example, a tablespoon of butter, which is 100% fat, provides about 100 kilocalories, the same number of kilocalories as a medium-sized apple, which is 100% CHO.
-	How interesting!
-	Therefore, to determine the relative percentages of protein, CHO, and fat in a food item, simply multiply the number of grams of the nutrient by the kilocalorie contribution per gram and divide this result into the total kilocalieis per serving.
-	Thanks a lot.

4.10.  Listen to the information in the video and give its main ideas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGkAjLgqQTY

ARTICLES

1.	Article I
The house where monsters live

By Alexander Liapin 								Kyiv Post

It's oogly-boogly great fun to enjoy the neat Bankova Street attraction - the architectural pride of Kyiv, the Monster House (House with Chimaeras).
From 1903 to 1920, an eccentric man lived in Bankova 10, Vladislav Horodetsky (Władysław Horodecki), an architect, artist and writer, was the sort of man to take risks. At any given moment, he would do a trick or make an unexpected move. Just like him, the house that he built in a very aristocratic part of Kyiv is steeped in mystery.
The Monster House's appearance, decorated elaborately with various gargoyles and spooky creatures, is responsible for many rumors and myths. People say, the architect created his brainchild as a shrine to his long-lost daughter who had drowned in Lake of Mering. The lake used to be where the monument to Ivan Franko is today. Others say it was his lover who drowned in the lake and Horodetsky built the house for her.
Some went even further, telling tall-tales of how Horodetsky had left to hunt in Africa and was ripped apart by tigers, eagles, hyenas, crocodiles and every other real and imagined animals. People said he was left for dead. Fortunately, the tales were simply gossiping and the artist returned to Kyiv where he immortalized his supposed heroic deeds in concrete. But the real story is Horodetsky just built a wonderfully strange house for the sake of it.
Horodetsky got the material to build the dark gray mass of mythic creatures - big and small, from cement producer Richter. Richter thought it would be a dandy advertisement for the new product and Horodetsky agreed. A sculptor from Milan, Emilio Sala (E. Salia), decorated the house with the fantastic monsters, which Horodetsky sketched and Salia sculpted. Salia later finished the interior of the building.
When the house first went under construction, many predicted it would slide down the hill and trample the Ivan Franko Theater. They even wagered bets on it, saying there was no feasible way for such a peculiar house to stay standing. But, obviously, they were wrong. 
In addition to the Monster House, his creations include the St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral in Velyka Vasilkovska Street and the National Art Museum of Ukraine, and many others.
Totally Horodetsky lived in Kyiv for almost 30 years. In 1920, when Kyiv fell under Bolshevism, he emigrated to Warsaw. He did not stay standing as long as his famous house, however. In 1930 he died in Persia (Iran) and was buried at Doulab Catholic Cemetery in Tehran.
The eccentric architect immortalized his name by outstanding creatures. He remains one of the Ukraine's greatest architects.
2.	Article II

WHEN TIMES ARE LEAN, UKRAINIANS ADAPT MUCH BETTER THAN PAMPERED AMERICANS

By Lena Redko
Kyiv Post

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA - I heard of Generation X a lot when I lived in Ukraine, but not so much about Generation Y - with the exception of Pepsi's New Generation in the late 1980s,
The latter - also referred to as "millennials," "post-baby boomers," or "20+" - have been lately the center of attention in the United States. They are part of a generation loosely defined as being born between 1978 and 2000.
America has had a long period of well-being before the recent economic turmoil. The generation of today's young adults in the United States was raised in the atmosphere of ultimate well-being, with many of the basic needs over-satisfied. In summary, they are the "hothouse kids," as Newsweek once called them.
A typical millennial is a 20-something adult who is overly ambitious. They usually know their worth - whether in career or personal life - and would eagerly pursue activities that lead towards accomplishing their goals. Their attention span is short and their time is constrained. They are not easily impressed and would move on unless you give them a serious reason to stick around.
The first time I encountered a typical millennial was at work a couple of years ago. At the time, when economic prospects were strong, organizations were competing in being the first ones to recruit the fresh out of college graduates and bring them on board. To attract millennials' attention, companies offered perks such as an "orientation" conference in Florida or an iPad. The organizations would go out of their way to meet the needs of 20-plus. They would launch Facebook campaigns -because that is where Gen Y spends most of their time - or release rap videos to talk about their work culture.
Even though I was technically born in the Gen Y time frame, making me a millennial, my "foreign" attitude towards work, career and relationships are strikingly different.
When you graduate from college in Ukraine, you are generally happy to get your first job. You usually make big efforts at first - regardless of what you are paid - and you gladly take on projects that fall out of your area of responsibilities. The "I have a job!" sensation is likely to last a few years - until you realize that nobody recognized you for all the effort
Right after you graduate from college in the United States, however, you sell, sell and sell yourself. It's no problem if you have no work experience. Your gut feeling tells you that you are worth a lot. So, you consider the options and negotiate. You have high expectations once you start a job. However, your hunger, energy and drive do not last for very long. Generally, after a year or so, you want a position of influence and a "seat at the table."
At the first glance, the Ukrainian way may seem to lack confidence and self-assurance. Low self-esteem? Perhaps. On the other hand, the Ukrainian way may be far more adaptable to today's environment.
With layoffs common these days, ambitions without substantial grounds are hardly an asset. The disillusionment of an over-inflated ego may hit hard: hence, the recent stories of "econocides" in the United States and Western Europe. I can imagine the need to re-open the sobering-up stations in Ukraine as a result of poor economy, but hardly a wave of suicides.

Lena Redko, a Kyiv native, lives in San Francisco and is studying for a master's in business administration at the University of San Francisco.

3.	Article III

AS DEMAND EXCEEDS SUPPLY ON JOB MARKET, 
SALARIES RISE
By Yulia GOLUB 
Kyiv Post

Tatiana Kolombet, a commercial director at the Ukrainian branch of Brain Source International recruitment agency, has more than five years of experience in the business. Kolombet says that both foreign and domestic companies are fighting for employees in Ukraine, where job offerings exceed qualified professionals.

KP: How is the job market doing with the influx of foreign companies, and what jobs are highest in demand?
TK: In Ukraine, we have a situation where demand is higher [than supply]. Every foreign company entering the market needs a lawyer, and they want the one of the highest caliber, but Ukraine does not have enough qualified lawyers to fill this demand. Some companies opt to hire lawyers with two years of experience and then train them. Others invite people from their home country.
KP: As Ukrainian companies get more sophisticated and adapt to Western business practices, are they looking to the international labor market for specialists, and hiring more foreigners?
TK: Brain Source International has received more and more requests for foreign employees. Companies are ready to pay higher salaries and generous bonuses, but they are still not ready to pay all salaries officially. Sometimes the owners or top-managers of Ukrainian companies do not speak English, so the search field becomes narrower: Russia or Poland.
KP: How competitive is the job market? How often do professionals switch companies in search of higher salaries and benefits, and how are companies instilling employee loyalty?
TK: We have seen the development of a job-hopping trend. Companies are fighting for good employees. And it is the responsibility of HR departments to find ways of retaining good workers. Today the minimum of what an employee can ask for in terms of benefits is paid mobile communication and a laptop computer. It's getting common for top managers to be offered a corporate car. A social package, free lunches and career growth opportunities are also strong factors affecting employee loyalty.
KP: What is your forecast for Ukraine's recruitment market in the near future? What specialists will be most in demand?
TK: First of all, a qualified professional is always in high demand, no matter what the profession. For the past two years, we have observed an increasing demand for lawyers. And sales managers have always been in demand.

4.	Article IV

HOT JOBS OFFERED BY FOREIGN COMPANIES

By Yulia GOLUB 									Kyiv Post

	Hey; all you college students! Wondering what profession to choose and where to land the highest paid job upon graduation?
	Well, recruiters in Kyiv say that regardless of what career you, opt for, foreign companies operating in Ukraine generally pay 30 to 40 percent higher salaries and offer stronger benefit packages, including free mobile phone service, laptops, lunches and cars for top managers.
	But before you even think of landing a job in a foreign company, brush up on your English. Fluent English is a must, no longer just a plus, experts say.
	The positions most in demand nowadays, in addition to lawyers, are public relations, human resource, marketing and sales managers.
	-"Long gone is the Soviet mindset of doing business, when a high-ranking apparatchik would order factories to churn out massive amounts of goods without putting effort into a sales strategy. Now, that Ukraine has embarked down the road of free market and competitive economics, the role of salesmanship is high up on the agenda of companies, be they domestic producers or foreign companies importing their goods into the country.
	"In order to make money, companies now realize they need to sell whatever it is they produce or offer on the market," said Pavlo Logay, a chief executive at World Staff, a top management recruitment company.
	Thus, it's no surprise that the highest number of job offerings, some 15 percent of listings in World Staff's database, are for sales managers. Logay added that monthly salaries typically offered for such positions are between $1,000 and $2,000.
	Next in demand, and well-paid at that, are lawyers. "Five years ago, lawyers were in such high demand, that even a medical school had a law faculty," said Logay. He noted that listings for lawyers tapered off a few years ago, but are back up this year, accounting for some 13 to 14 percent of open positions listed by companies in World Staff s database. With investments, merger and acquisitions, and overall business activity in Ukraine booming, companies are competing for qualified lawyers again.
	According to Personnel Executive, a recruitment agency, lawyers typically earn monthly salaries between $1,500 and $2,000.
	"However, senior lawyers can make up to $15,000 per month," added Veronika Bodashko, a partner at Personnel Executive. With demand as high as it is, the growth opportunities for lawyers are strong. After several years of experience, lawyers have a real shot at becoming partners in law firms. The same process can take a decade or more in highly competitive western markets.
	If you are not excited about sales or law, your best bet for a well-paid job is in the marketing, public relations and human resource management sectors. Nearly 30 percent' of all jobs listed in World Staff's database are for these professions, and salaries range from $1,000 to $5,000.
	And if you're a hi-tech guru, your best chances are, of course, to secure a job as a programmer or a related position in Ukraine's dynamic software development business, which relies heavily on foreign contract work.
	According to IT Personnel recruitment agency, salaries in this segment fluctuate from $500 to $2,500, but many successful programmers opt to work as freelancers, seeking out lucrative contracts of their own.

Перелік завдань
з англійської мови для студентів, які здобувають вищу освіту освітнього ступенів магістр заочної форми навчання,
спеціалізація «Спортивна дієтологія»

СЕМЕСТР II. ІСПИТ

І. 	Прочитайте спеціальні тексти і зробіть письмовий переклад.

1. Protein: enough is enough
2. Overview of the energy nutrients
3. How much of your diet needs to be carbohydrates?
4. Carbohydrates: the predominant energy nutrients

ІІ. 	Виконайте лексико-граматичні вправи в письмовій формі.

Ex. 1.1-1.3 ex. 2.1-2.8; ex. 3.1-3.3; ex. 4.1-4.9

ІІІ.	Прочитайте і письмово переведіть статті з англомовної 
	періодики.

5.	U.S. women don’t enjoy their femininity enough.

6.	How to talk about pay.

7.	Will you be fired soon?

8	Where obesity is bigger and better.

IV.	Give a talk on your future occupation

Semester II
Text V.
PROTEIN: ENOUGH IS ENOUGH!

Are you one of the millions who were brought up on a training table heaped with steak and eggs? The image of Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa downing 3 raw eggs before his morning run still sends a chill down my spine. After all, if muscles are made of protein, isn't it logical that a high-protein diet will help build muscles?
Sounds good, but it isn't true. Of course, muscle is in constant need of repair and rebuilding, especially in athletes training hard, and protein for these functions, in the form of essential amino acids found in certain foods, must be present in the diet. However, most Americans consume 50% to 100% more protein than their bodies need for the rebuilding functions. The excess protein they eat will only be excreted in the form of urea. This causes our organs, particularly the kidneys, to work overtime metabolizing the extra protein. In addition, any excess kilocalories from the protein may simply be stored as fat. Thus, eating too much protein wears out our precious organs and adds to unwanted fat.
Animal products do have the virtue of being complete proteins— they contain all the essential amino acids in one package. However, they also contain cholesterol and increased amounts of saturated fats. Used in moderation and with discretion, animal sources of essential amino acids (muscle-cell building blocks) can be an appropriate part of the endurance athlete's diet.

5.1.	Read and translate the text “Protein: Enough is Enough!” in writing.

5.2.	Find in the text the English equivalents for the following.

Незамінні амінокислоти, білок, достатньо, біфштекс, сирі яйця, заставлений/заповнений, образ, ковтати, все ще, викликати озноб по спині, раціон, звучить привабливо, будувати/формувати, правдивий/правильний, м'яз, постійно потребувати відновлення, особливо, споживати, надлишок, виділяти/вивергати, сечовина, особливо, змушує наші органи працювати понаднормово, метаболізувати, нирки, додатковий, до того ж, просто, відкладатися у вигляді жиру, таким чином, зношувати, дорогоцінний, збільшувати небажаний жир, продукти тваринного походження, мати властивість/володіти якістю, повний набір білків, містити, в одній упаковці, однак, джерело, блоки для побудови клітин м'язів, відповідний/відповідний, вирощувати/виховувати.

5.3.	Answer the questions to the text.
1. Are you one of the millions who were brought up on a training table heaped with steak and eggs?  2. Isn’t it logical that a high-protein diet will help build muscles?  3. What does the consumption of excess protein result into?  4. Where can essential amino acids be found?  5. Why should the consumption of animal food be limited?  6. How can protein foods be an appropriate part of the endurance athlete’s diet?

5.4.	Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

body weight; training requirements; make an effort; poultry; yolks; cholesterol content; very large serving

1. If you don't want to worry about having to get the essential amino acids from a combination of several non-animal sources, … … … to choose the leanest of meats.  2. Trim any visible fat away, remove the skins from…, discard the egg …, and buy only low-fat or skim milk, yogurt, and cheeses.  3. These foods will then have a much-reduced fat and … …, and the protein will be of high quality.  4. The key is that you don't need to eat a … … … of any of these in a day.  5. The amount depends on your body weight and… … .  6. When in training, you need about 1 to 1.4 grams of complete protein per kilogram of … … daily.

5.5.	Insert articles where it is necessary.

1. There are many alternatives to eating animal products as … sole source of dietary protein.  2. Vegetables, legumes, and whole grains in appropriate combinations with each other will provide adequate quantities of … essential amino acids.  3. Whole grains such as oats, barley, wheat, and millet contain all of … 44 known essential nutrients (except vitamins B12 C, and D).  4. Grains usually have … protein contents ranging between 8% and 15% protein by weight, compared to 30% for beef.  5. However, grains typically contain low levels of … essential amino acids tryptophan and lysine.  6. … wary consumer can remedy this by combining dried beans with … grain dish or by adding … small amount of low-fat animal protein to … meal.  7. Several excellent references listed at … end of this book can help you determine appropriate sources and combinations of proteins.

5.6.	Convert the predicate of the sentences into one of the Past Tenses.

1. The extent to which you can utilize fewer animal and more vegetable sources of protein is exemplified by marathon runner Jim Miller, who has developed his own "dinner of champions."  2. We affectionately refer to Jim's evening cuisine as "The Miller Compound," and, believe me, his compound sticks to your ribs!  3. Jim starts with a base of brown rice and lentils cooking in water. 4.  As the rice grains become tender, he adds some herb seasonings, vegetables, a can of tuna packed in water, and occasionally some vegetable soup stock.  5. I've witnessed the creation of The Miller Compound on numerous occasions and have seen many variations on the basic recipe; he's even been known to throw in a dab of peanut butter, some low-fat cottage cheese, and raisins.  6. He gets a diet that is very high in complex carbohydrates (about 70%) and that meets enough of his daily protein requirements through the tuna and the combination of the rice and lentils, yet has very little fat.

5.7.	Put questions to the underlined words and phrases.

1. In general, the foods you eat after exercise should be the same as those you eat before exercise.  2. However, there are guidelines regarding the time after training at which you should sit down to the table.  3. Depletion of muscle glycogen from training and competition produces an increase in the activity of an enzyme called glycogen syntheses, which raises the muscle cells' receptivity to storing glycogen.  4. Glycogen syntheses activity is most elevated for 2 to 4 hours directly following exercise, and then falls to normal pre-exercise levels within 12 to 24 hours.  5. In other words, carbohydrates are most efficiently converted to stored glycogen immediately following intense exercise.

5.8.	Translate the following into English.

ПЕРЕДЗМАГАЛЬНИЙ РАЦІОН
Досвід – найкращий вчитель для підбору передзмагального раціону. Спробуйте вибрану передзмагальну дієту заздалегідь до змагань. За 10 попередніх до змагань днів сконцентруйтеся на підвищенні споживання вуглеводів у кількості від 70% до 80% від загальної кількості кілокалорій вашого раціону.
1. За 24 години до змагань приймайте їжу багату на вуглеводи з деякою кількістю клітковини для запобігання запору. Вживати багато рідини у вигляді води, соків та енергетичних напоїв.
2. За 12 годин до змагань скоротите споживання твердих продуктів та збільшіть прийом енергетичних напоїв. Слідкуйте за тим, щоб не вживати надлишок їжи. Використовуйте їжу, що легко перетравлюється, до якої ви звикли в тренувальний період.
3. За 4 години до змагань пийте лише воду чи розбавлені енергетичні напої. З'їжте щось легке, щоб наповнити шлунок, наприклад, хліб, пончик із дріжджового борошна (bagel), банан тощо. Експериментуйте з вибором їжі на тренуваннях задовго до початку змагань.
4. Менш ніж за 2 години до змагань вживайте тільки воду або розбавлені енергетичні напої.

5.9.	Listen to the information in the video and give its main ideas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0nM7DSKqqc

Text VI.

FATS IN THE DIET: HOW MUCH IS NECESSARY?

How much fat is necessary? Very little. At most, 25% of your calories should be from fat sources. Most Americans consume 40% to 45% of their diet from fatty foods.
Not only are they failing to replace precious glycogen in sufficient quantity to meet heavy training demands, but they may be subject to the many illnesses related to high-fat diets. The risk of having excessive blood cholesterol, heart disease, high blood pressure, diverticulosis, cancer, obesity, and other diseases increases with high-fat diets.
Fats are generally either overt or "hidden." Overt fats are foods such as oils, butter, margarine, lard, and visible fat on meats. Hidden fats are found in combination with other foods - fried foods, baked goods made with lots of oil or butter, fatty meats, whole-milk dairy products, eggs, nuts, and nut butters. It's often difficult to recognize fats in the diet, but they sure add up. If you eat any of the foods just listed on a regular basis, especially meats and dairy products, without attention to their fat content, you're probably eating too much fat. Some fat in the diet is necessary. It is used for insulating nerves, in the manufacture of certain hormones, and for cell membranes. It is an important energy source, too.
"Fat is burned in the flame of carbohydrates" is an expression used to describe the energy utilization mechanism of the muscle cells. At low- to moderate-intensity exercise, there can be a glycogen-sparing effect if fat can contribute to the energy supplied to the muscle. However, note that abundant fat is stored in adipose tissue even in the trimmest of athletes. This fat can be used for energy. Therefore, most sport nutritionists feel that there is no need to plan diets especially to fulfill a fat intake requirement. Rather, they are concerned with too much fat in the diet. Josh Thompson, one of the top biathletes and cross-country skiers in the world, refers to himself as a "fat-o-phobe" - one who very carefully screens every scrap of food he puts into his mouth to make sure he's not consuming a high-fat item. It is a good idea for all endurance athletes as well as the general population to adopt a bit of "fat-o-phobia" as well.
My recommendation is that very little of the fats you consume should come from animal products. These include red meats, poultry, dairy products (skim-milk products are acceptable), eggs, and animal-fat-based shortenings or margarines. The reason for this is that cholesterols and most saturated fats are present in animal fats only. High-cholesterol, high-fat diets contribute to heart disease and other ailments, and there is no requirement for dietary cholesterol, because the body manufactures its own. Try to change your diet to include the lowest cholesterol and fat levels possible.

6.1.	Read the text “Fats in the Diet: How Much Is Necessary?” and translate it in writing. 

6.2.	Find in the text English equivalents for the following.

Сприяти розвитку хвороб серця та загального недуги, вимога, дієта/раціон, кулінарний жир тваринного походження, продукти з знежиреного молока, червоне м'ясо, споживати, трохи, «жирофобія», засвоювати, продукт з високим вмістом жиру, переконатися , ретельно оглядати кожен шматочок їжі, швидше за все/імовірніше, бути стурбовани/занепокоєним, отже, спеціаліст зі спортивного харчування, немає необхідності, виконувати вимоги щодо споживання жирів, витончений, жирова тканина, багатий, помірний, глікогенозберігаючий ефект, механізм використання енергії , вираз, клітинні мембрани, ізоляція нервів, вироблення деяких гормонів, вміст, можливо, на регулярній основі, розпізнавати, м'ясні та молочні продукти, але їх безумовно треба включати, горіхове масло, продукти з незбираного молока, жирне м'ясо, випічка, смажені продукти, у поєднанні з, приховані жири, видимий жир, свиняче сало, або … або, огрядність/ожиріння, явний/очевидний, рак, дивертикулез, високий кров'яний тиск, надмірний/зайвий, бути схильним до захворювань, достатня кількість, найбільша, дорогоцінний, замінити не вдаватися, необхідний

6.3. 	Answer the questions .to the text in writing.

1.	How much fat is necessary? 2. What are the consequences of high-fat diets? 3. Are fats overt or hidden? 4. What foods contain overt fats? 5. Where can the hidden fats be found? 6. Is it easy to recognize fats in the diet? 7. Why is it necessary to have some fat in the diet? 8. What expression is used to describe the mechanism of energy utilization? 9. How is abundant fat stored in the body? 10. How do the most nutritionists treat the problem of fat? 11. Are you a “fat-o-phobe”? 12. What are the text’s recommendations on fat consumption?

6.4.	Insert articles where it is necessary and discuss the information in class.

CARBOHYDRATES DURING EXERCISE: EN ROUTE CONSUMPTION

1.	The length of … training session or race will determine whether it warrant en route feeds. 2. In general, exercise, particularly intense exercise, lasting over … 90 minutes warrants en route consumption. 3. Theoretically, … body will have enough glycogen stored to successfully complete any exercise session less than 60 minutes, and even up to 2 ½ hours if … body is fully loaded with CHO. 4. In practice, en route feedings of scientifically formulated fluid-replacement and energy-drink products during intense exercise delay … onset of exhaustion. 5. Thus, for …exercise sessions or races lasting over 90 minutes, consumption of CHO is recommended to prevent fatigue and restore depleted glycogen.

6.5.	Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

optimal-performance diet; wealth of CHO; foods; copious quantities	

1. In most cases an … … high in CHO will also be a healthful, nutritious one.  2. The athlete following a performance-enhancing, high-CHO diet will likely consume … … of complex carbohydrates in the form of whole grains, whole grain breads, and fresh fruits and vegetables.  3. These …, especially whole grains, are excellent sources of such other essential nutrients as protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and essential fats.  4. They provide a … … … for replenishing muscle and liver glycogen.

6.6.	Fill in the gaps with prepositions where it is necessary.

1. The concomitant reduction … consumption … high-fat animal products is helpful … maintaining a healthy percentage … body fat and … reducing blood cholesterol levels.  2. Dairy products made … skim milk, lean cuts … meat, white meat poultry and fish, and reduced intake … animal products … general will help you focus … getting enough … the primary fuel source - CHO.  3. These steps will help you eliminate poor nutrition as a cause … poor performance.  4. They will supply your body … "the right stuff (ing) " - enough carbohydrates … fuel, adequate protein … cell structure, a proper balance … vitamins and minerals … optimal cell function, and enough water and other fluids … all bodily functions.  5. Good nutrition is another tool to help you attain personal bests - in  athletics as well as health.

6.7.	Put all four types of questions to the sentence below.

Alcohol calories are considered “empty calories” since they provide no nutritional value in terms of vitamins, minerals, or fiber.

6.8.	Open the brackets and put the verbs in brackets into proper Tense and Voice form. 
CARBOHYDRATES BEFORE EXERCISE

1.	There (to be) no need to use the radical "carbo-loading" technique, where you (to deplete) your glycogen stores with exhaustive exercise and low-CHO diets for 3 days, followed by light exercise and a very high-CHO diet for 5 days before competitions. 2. Sherman, Costill, Fink, and Miller (1981) (to demonstrate) that this practice (to be) unnecessary and potentially disruptive and that optimal glycogen storage (to accomplish) by eating a diet high in CHO every day. 3. Therefore, a constant high-CHO diet (to be) the rule if you (to wish) to maintain and fully replenish glycogen stores.

Text VII 
THE FLUID FACTOR

Of all the nutrients to consider, water is the most important. Yet fluid intake often receives inadequate attention. No matter what your level of sport participation, you have one important similarity to the elite athlete: You will get thirsty. In most adolescents and adults, 60% of the lean body weight is water. Many of the body's functions depend upon water. During vigorous exercise, this dependence is pronounced, and the need for fluid replacement becomes crucial. Exercise increases the body's internal core temperature (the temperature around your spine and organs). Vigorous exercise, especially during hot weather, double-session training, or competitions, markedly elevates your core temperature.
Your brain's hypothalamus - the body's thermostat - senses the rise in core temperature and sends messages to the muscles and skin to begin the cooling process. When your hypothalamus senses an increase in core temperature above 37°C, the hot blood at your core moves toward your skin. The sweat mechanism is activated, and the air moving across your damp skin produces the cooling effect of evaporation. Your skin temperature decreases to several degrees below the core temperature, so that hot blood from the core passing through the skin becomes cooler. The blood then moves back to the core to reduce the core temperature, and the cycle continues.
This process costs the body a great deal of precious water. In fact, perspiration is the major cause of water loss. During vigorous activity, such as running, cross-country skiing, cycling, and so on, a person can lose between 1 and 3 liters of water per hour. That can represent a weight loss of up to 7 pounds per hour. If the process continues for an hour or more, the body cannot execute its cooling and other basic functions adequately. Fatigue sets in, and performance is affected. Even relatively mild dehydration reduces performance. Fink (1982) demonstrated that losing only 2% to 3% of the body's fluid through dehydration (about 3 or 4 pounds of body weight) will decrease performance by 3% to 7% in runners competing in 1,500-, 5,000-, and 10,000-meter races. 
Increased respiration also contributes to dehydration. As the steam from your breath on a cold morning shows, the air you expire contains a good deal of water. You lose more if the air is dry or hot, or if you are breathing large volumes of air (as in endurance exercise). During exercise it is possible to lose between 150 milliliters to 300 milliliters of water per hour through respiration alone.
Longer training sessions or competitions mean more water loss. Theoretically, a marathon runner, a triathlete, or a marathon cross-country skier will lose an average of 160 ounces of water over the course of a 2 ½ - to 3-hour race. That's 10 pounds of water! Even if 40 ounces of fluids were consumed along the way, a 120-ounce deficit would remain.
How can you replace so much fluid over the course of the race or practice session? You can't- Your body must be properly hydrated before the event so that you can depend on stored water as well as on water consumed during the race or training session. Stored water is released as follows: For every gram of carbohydrate (glycogen) stored in the muscles, liver, and blood, the body stores 3 to 4 grams of water. During oxidation (combustion) of this glycogen to provide energy, the water is liberated as well and can be used in the cooling process.
This is why athletes who properly hydrate themselves before practice or competition can go the distance without replenishing all fluids lost. Of course, elite athletes can accomplish this more efficiently than average athletes can.
Water will always be a good replenisher. However, commercial sugar-and-electrolyte solutions can be effective if they include appropriate sources of glucose. Macaraeg (1983) has shown that use of polymerized glucose replacement fluids (as compared to no fluids or just plain water) will delay the onset of exhaustion in well-trained athletes. It is best if fluid replacement is a hypotonic solution (one with a lower osmotic pressure than that of the body's fluids). This is necessary to allow adequate absorption during exercise. If the solution is too concentrated, the body will not absorb it well, which might lead to gastric distress and poor assimilation of water. Look for products that use glucose polymer solutions, which are absorbed more completely during exercise. 
After a hard training session or competition, it may take 10 to 20 hours to fully rehydrate your body. If you're planning to exercise hard the next day, rehydrate with water, fruit juices, skim milk, or herb teas. Caffeine drinks such as coffee, tea, or cola, as well as alcohol (such as the postworkout beer) are diuretics (they cause the body to eliminate water) and should be avoided. Check your weight every morning and night to estimate fluid losses; a 5-pound weight loss over 24 hours means you've lost about 2 ½ quarts of water.
When concerned about losing fluids during training or racing, consider the following guidelines:
1.	Drink 8 to 10 glasses of water or juice the day before competition or a long 
practice.
2.	Drink up to 32 ounces of water or diluted energy drink 1 to 2 hours before practice or competition.
3.	Drink 1 or 2 glasses of water 20 minutes before competition or practice if the exercise will last over 60 minutes.
4.	Drink 3 to 5 ounces of water or diluted energy drink every 15 to 20 minutes during races, events, or practices over 60 to 90 minutes.
5.	Most commercial energy drinks should be diluted to half the concentration 
suggested on the package (that is, use twice as much water). One exception to this is MAX energy drink, which is a hypotonic solution of glucose polymers (I've used it extensively and highly recommend it).
6. Always replace fluids after competition or practice with water, energy drinks, or juices.
7. Urine color will be clear if you are properly replacing fluids.
8. Settle on a plan for fluid replacement and try it several times in training before you try it in an important race.

7.1.	Read the text “The Fluid Factor” and translate it in writing.

7.2.	Make up 20 questions of all 4 types (general, alternative, disjunctive, and special) to the text.
E.g.:		
-	Are skin contractures caused by scarring? (1st type: general)
-	Is this scar tissue incapable of stretching with joint movement or not? (2nd type: alternative)
-	There is instability associated with loose-jointedness, isn’t there? (3rd type: disjunctive)
-	What may limit the ability of a joint to move through a full, unrestricted range of motion? (4th type: special)

7.3.	Find in the text English equivalents for the following.

Поживна речовина, рідинний фактор, прийом рідини, недостатня увага, неважливо/байдуже, подібність, відчувати спрагу, підлітки, дорослі, вага тіла, енергійна фізична діяльність, ця залежність проявляється, поповнення, критичний/вирішальний, температура нутрощів, помітно підвищувати, гіпоталамус мозку, відчувати, процес охолодження, вологий, випаровування, скорочувати, дорогоцінний, піт/потіння, втрата у вазі, виконувати, втомлюватися, результативність падає, відносно помірний, зневоднення, дихання, пара, що видихається вами, повітря , втрачати, унція, зберігатися, заповнювати/відшкодувати, робити внесок, згоряння, окислення, вивільнятися, середній, затримувати, наступ, розчин, осмотичний тиск, всмоктування/поглинання, знайомий, влаштовувати, доступний, розведений, сеча, перевіряти , часто, поглинати, охолоджений, разом, високогір'я, підвищує потреби в рідині, діуретик, бігати.

7.4.	Open the brackets and use the verbs in a proper Tense and Voice form.

1.	Water always (to be) a good replenisher. 2. However, commercial sugar-and-electrolyte solutions (can, to be) effective if they (to include) appropriate sources of glucose. 3. Macaraeg (1983) (to show) that use of polymerized glucose replacement fluids (as compared to no fluids or just plain water) (to delay) the onset of exhaustion in well-trained athletes. 4. It (to be) best if fluid replacement (to be) a hypotonic solution (one with a lower osmotic pressure than that of the body's fluids). 5. This (to be) necessary to allow adequate absorption during exercise. 6. If the solution (to be) too concentrated, the body (not, to absorb) it well, which (might, to lead) to gastric distress and poor assimilation of water. 7. Look for products that (to use) glucose polymer solutions, which (to absorb) more completely during exercise.

7.5. Insert articles in the gaps if it is necessary.

1. Make sure you are familiar with … fluids served at feed stations in any race you enter. 2. If you have not used them before or feel … uncomfortable with their concentrations, prepare your own fluids and arrange to have them available. 3. Some basic principles that apply to fluid replacement include … following. 4. Every day, especially one before competitive or long events, drink eight to ten 8-ounce glasses of … water or juice. 5. If you know you need more than that, … drink more. 6. One to 2 hours before your event or workout, drink … couple of glasses of water or dilute glucose solution. 7. Drink 5 to 10 ounces of … water 10 to 20 minutes before you exercise. 8. If … competition or workout will last over … hour, it is best to replace … fluids every 15 to 20 minutes during … exercise. 9. This might mean 5 to 6 ounces of water at … every water stop. 10. After … hard training session or competition, it may take 10 to 20 hours to fully rehydrate your body. 11. If you're planning to exercise hard … next day, rehydrate with … water, fruit juices, skim milk, or herb teas. 12. Caffeine drinks such as … coffee, tea, or cola, as well as alcohol (such as … postworkout beer) are diuretics (they cause the body to eliminate water) and should be avoided. 13. Check your weight every morning and night to estimate … fluid losses; … 5-pound weight loss over 24 hours means you've lost about 2 ½ quarts of water.

7.6.	Complete sentences below with words from a box.

a high altitude; urine; to replace; thirsty to drink; requirements; clear; greenish-yellow; is absorbed; crucial; beverage; water; Fluid

1.	It is important not to wait until you are … … … if you do so, you will 
fall far behind your body's water needs. 2. This is why it is so essential … … water regularly throughout the day as well as during exercise. 3. Your urine color should always be … . 4. If your urine is chronically cloudy or yellowish in color, you are probably underhydrated (unless you take B-complex vitamins, which give urine a bright … …  color). 5. Check your … color frequently and replace fluids appropriately. 6. Cold water … …  faster in your system than warm water is. 7. If you are exercising moderately, this isn't … l. 8. Furthermore, on a cold day, a warm …  can feel great. 9. However, on hot days or during intense competition or practice, …  must enter your system as fast as possible. 10. …  chilled to 40 °F is best suited for this. 11. The dryness that comes with altitudes above 5,000 feet, coupled with the increased workload the lower partial pressure of oxygen puts on the body, raises fluid … . 12. Make sure extra water is available if you live or train at … … … .

7.7.	Insert prepositions where it is necessary:

Recovery

1.	The weekly pattern should allow proper recovery … workouts.  2. Some types … training actually promote restoration following high-intensity exercise.  3. Low-intensity, moderate- to long-duration training serves to promote circulation and to speed removal … metabolic waste from and transport … nutrients to damaged tissue.  4. A detailed discussion … restorative theories and methods is presented further.

7.8.	Translate the following into English. 

ВОДА

Вода є найважливішою поживною речовиною, необхідною організму; фактично, це приблизно шістдесят відсотків ваги тіла. Майже дві третини води в організмі знаходиться в клітинах; одна третина води, що залишилася, є позаклітинною і сприяє об’єму плазми. Плазма транспортує кисень і видаляє відходи під час активності. Вода необхідна для травлення, всмоктування, кровообігу, виділення, транспортування поживних речовин, побудови тканин і підтримки температури тіла. Організм повинен підтримувати водний баланс. Недотримання цієї вимоги призводить до зневоднення, а якщо це досить серйозно, то до смерті. Вода утворюється в результаті розщеплення багатьох продуктів під час травлення та безпосереднього надходження. Кількість потреби у воді залежить від зміни температури тіла. Необхідна кількість часто вважається двома квартами на день.

7.9.	Listen to the information in the video and give its main ideas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdHK_SDzxqk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUR7ElO5OsA

Article V

U.S.   women   don't   enjoy   their   femininity   enough

By Lena Redko

Being a Ukrainian, I grew up in a society where femininity was - and still is - praised. I am not talking about women wearing dresses and heels. In my viewpoint, there is much more to being feminine.
I consider Ukrainian women to be feminine because they are generally not attracted to the jobs like firefighting or police service. More importantly, I consider them feminine because they encourage men to be gentlemen. A Ukrainian woman expects a man to open the door for her, pass her the coat, and give her a hand with a heavy suitcase. It does not make her feel patronized. Nor does it take away her right to pursue a Doctorate in Philosophy, be a CEO or lead the country as prime minister.
An American woman, on the other hand, might sue you for this, depending on the circumstances.
Despite general "ladylike" behaviors, I believe that Ukrainian society is in many ways woman-dominated. Even the Kyiv Independence Square has a statue of woman — it is a symbol of the Ukrainian nation. I believe that Tymoshenko's braid is loaded with the same message. Adult women in Ukraine always managed to maintain their femininity while getting a higher education, progressing in their career and rising to an influential position in the nation.
While I applaud the feminist movement's accomplishments in the United States today - gender discrimination is illegal - I have mixed feelings about some of the aspects of feministic behaviors. American women seem to feel threatened by the smallest deference to gender. Thеу strive to look independent, not in need of open doors or of help with the coat. They prefer to pay for themselves when they are out and do their best to not look overly feminine when they want to be taken seriously. Some women prefer to be called "Ms." instead of "Miss" or "Mrs." because they considering revealing marital status to be discriminatory. While all of these deserve respect, my biggest concern is that the fear of looking womanly may have its effects on family values. There are too many stories in the news about forgotten babies - in the car, in the store or elsewhere. Also, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, the divorce rate in the United States topped 50 percent lately.
So, ladies, my advice is: keep your femininity. It gives you a competitive advantage. There must be a serious reason why many American men are looking for wives in Ukraine. Also, it is unfortunate that there is no "Woman's Day" in the U.S. What's wrong with being a CEO and getting flowers and compliments all day? This is what I would call smart.

Leno Redko, a Kyiv native, lives in San Francisco and is studying for a master's in business administration at the University of San Francisco.

Article VI
HOW TO TALK ABOUT PAY
By Edward COCKS

Surely, the question asked most often by prospective job seekers is: "When should 1 talk about salary?"  The answer: "After the offer is made."
Let the employer make the offer, preferably in writing, and then base your response on your own expectations and requirements. If you are happy with the initial salary offer, then things are simple. Accept and begin your new career. If you want more, the challenge is now on you to engage in the negotiating process. The secret to salary negotiation is to focus on the value that the position has to the company, then to the value you bring to the position.
Some advice: Be absolutely certain that you completely understand the job and all of the employer's requirements.
If at all possible, ask for a written job description or have the employing manager restate the description. This also provides you with valuable time to plan your next few steps. One of the best tactics in this exercise came from a friend and colleague who wrote it all down, spent a moment looking at it all down, spent a moment looking at it and then turned it around to the executive offering the job and said: "Is this everything the job you are offering entails?" 
This was perfect! Now the employer is responding to, rather than leading, the negotiation process. Even better, it focuses them on the requirements of the job and makes them more likely to increase their valuation of the position.
After verifying exactly what the position involves, you should be able to draw upon your knowledge of the local market and industry' conditions (you did do your homework right?) and decide how you will react. Do your best to make the employer change the offer amount as much as possible before you ever say the number you have in mind. For instance, when the employer has verified that the position is completely and accurately described, rather than responding with a raised amount, ask them another question: "Do you believe that your offer is fair for this market, given the position's importance to the company?" Again, they are in a responding position. Keep them responding to your questions as long as possible and, hopefully, raise their offer.
When the value of the position to the company is fully established, now is the time to ask: "Am I the candidate you want to fill this position?" When they verify that you are indeed the one, they want for the position, simply say: "I believe that I can do this job well above your expectations and would like to know what your best offer will be'." Again, this continually keeps them responding to questions and, so far, you have been simply asking questions.
If the final number is again below your expectation, now you can say: "The offer I would find acceptable is..." - and then be ready with the amount. Be sure this is an offer you will accept.
One last reminder, all too often employers will try to force you into negotiating based upon your last salary. This is one of their tactics for salary negotiation, albeit a flawed one, and has absolutely no bearing on your value to their company.
In fairness to the employer, you must also remember that your financial situation is of no concern to them in the negotiation process. Good luck!

Article VII

WILL YOU BE FIRED SOON?

By Julia SKIDAN 
Almond Consulting

Julia Skidan is a partner in the Kyiv office of Almond Consulting, a-British-based firm at www.almondcon-sulting.co.uk that specializes in such areas as executive coaching and career development.
			
One of the biggest anxieties many employees have is the fear of being fired. The fear may either be a psychological illusion, or a signal of real danger. For those lucky enough not to have been through staff cuts, downsizing, restructuring, or whatever euphemism the boss decides to use, here is a crash course.
Let's deal with the psychological aspects first. The fear of being fired is directly connected to our basic survival reflex: no money - no food. So, worrying about job security is absolutely healthy. Now and then we all experience butterflies in the stomach when the workload is overwhelming, the deadlines are past due or the project is falling apart. Fine, believe me, it is absolutely fine. There is no danger in feeling that way unless you are totally lazy and constantly abuse your job or your employer's confidence.
Some peoples' fears of being dismissed approach paranoia. It brings on constant nervousness. It robs them of their positive tone, work output and job satisfaction. I remember a very bright information' technology professional who was afraid to make a single mistake or take any increased responsibility. He became nearly invisible to management and colleagues. He felt safer not attracting any attention to himself or his work. Later it was quite painful for him to realize that his contribution to the company's business was not appreciated.
Now let's move from imaginary fears to reality: what if the danger of being fired is real? If you are not on probation and have not violated employment laws or company policies, the sacking will happen gradually. The danger signs may include:
•	placing others in charge of duties/ projects that would normally be yours.
•	excluding you from meetings you used to be in;
•	withholding information, you would normally receive;
•	your boss sets unrealistic goals or performance expectations for you;
•	a cooling attitude from management, for instance, delayed or no response to your e-mails, no office visits, and so on. One way to check whether your job is secure is to take a test designed by famous German social psychologist Kurt Lewin. Develop a list of the key aspects of your professional life. The list should look something like this:
•	Service record (good/bad)
•	Client relations (good/bad)
•	Relationships with colleagues (respectful/disrespectful)
•	Energy level (high/low)
•	Creative skills (high/low)
•	Leadership skills (high/low)
•	Work attitude (diligent/routine). Now honestly evaluate your performance by placing a plus, minus or zero next to the category. Now add it up.
If you've got more pluses than minuses, then you're most likely facing a favourable scenario and may even get a promotion.
If you have more zeros, then your outlook is neutral you're probably ok. If you've a lot of minuses, then you have reason to worry. To avoid that dreadful negative scenario, here are just a few simple but effective tips:
•	Your self-development should be continuous.
•' Deepen your professional efficiency every day.
•' Exercise a proactive attitude and initiative.
•' Keep abreast of the news and trends in your area of expertise.
•' Broaden your horizons in general knowledge.
•' Don't be afraid of making a mistake; be afraid of repeating it over and over again.
When a business is downsizing, how do you know if you might get the ax? Here are some common clues:
•	placing others in charge of duties/projects that would normally fait to you;
•	excluding you from meetings you used to be in;
•	withholding information from you;
•	asking you to put down some ideas on the future your projects;
•	a cooling attitude from management, delayed or no response to your e-mails, no office visits, face-to-face meetings avoided.

Article VIII

WHERE OBESITY IS BIGGER AND BETTER
WILL YOU BE FIRED SOON?

As Americans continue to get fatter the junk-food fan Bill Clinton is weighing into the debate, writes Tom Baldwin

Ripples of fat are spreading ever wider across America's waistline, according to a report that suggests obesity rates rose last year in all but one of the nation's 50 slates.
A survey published by the Trust in America's Health indicated that almost one in four adults is clinically obese and almost two thirds are overweight
Mississippi is the fattest state, while six more from the southeast are in the heftiest dozen. The state exhibiting the largest increase in obesity last year was Alabama, while only Oregon bucked the trend by holding steady at 21 per cent.
The Trust, a non-profit organization that promotes health education, highlighted figures showing that 7 per cent of US adults have diabetes and called for more government action to tackle an obesity epidemic that it says is endangering lives.
It is costing the country $39 -billion (£21.6 billion) in extra healthcare cost – and billions in lost production.
There is a similar problem in Britain, where about one adult in five is obese but, as ever, it is bigger in America.
In recent months, carmakers are reported to have been adapting designs to take account of the ever-growing American belly, with the Honda Accord sold in the US two inches wider than the same model in Europe and Japan.
Airlines are ditching magazines, seats and even life vests to compensate for the increased fuel costs of carrying their passengers' extra pounds.
Meanwhile, US military strategists are worrying about America's long-term security because so many potential recruits are too fat to fight.
The fast-food and soft-drink industry, which is estimated to spend $11.2 billion a year on advertising, is beginning to feel the heat. Seventeen states have recently passed legislation aimed at tackling childhood obesity. “Super-Size Me”, a documentary film in which Morgan Spurlock became fat and ill by eating only at McDonald's for a month, was widely seen as having helped to shame the restaurant chain into offering healthier options last year.
Yesterday, a Harvard health report suggested that fast-food retailers were deliberately targeting children by clustering outlets around schools, while earlier this month Bill Clinton joined a campaign to improve America's eating habits. The former President said a lifetime of eating junk food had caused his "brush with death" last year. Recalling his quadruple heart bypasses surgery, Mr. Clinton said: "I realized that one more time I've been given another chance and I wanted to make the most of it. The bottom line is we've got too many kids overweight and they're walking time-bombs."
But the junk-food industry is fighting back against bans on the sale of drinks and snacks at schools. In June, Jodi Rell, the Governor of the Connecticut, vetoed a state-wide ban on unhealthy food in schools after being pounded by $250,000 of industry lobbing.
Sales of soft drinks in schools totalled about $700 million last year, with companies such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi keen to target consumers when they are young and establishing brand loyalties. The National Restaurant Association, backed by a clutch of senior Republican senators, held a press conference this summer at which its president, Steven Anderson, said that food establishments "should not be blamed for issues of personal responsibility and freedom of choice".
Legislation is also opposed by the libertarian Right in America, where organizations such as the Cato Institute are outraged at the prospect of the Government telling citizens how — or what — they should eat.

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